Napoleon dominated Europe, but Spain and Portugal became his greatest military disaster. The Peninsular War turned into an endless, costly conflict, forcing the French to fight against both a ...

He nonchalantly added, "I am sunburned." In October 1809, Francis I signed a peace treaty with Napoleon. Their terms of the agreement were very favorable to the Emperor of the French — three ...

They were the most feared men in Napoleon’s army ... formed between 1806 and 1809; and finally the Young Guard. The Imperial Guard grew from 8,000 in 1805 to 80,000 in 1812.